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Gaming computer

Gaming computer
A gaming computer may refer to any of the following:

1. A gaming computer is a desktop that is often custom-built for the purpose of increasing performance in modern computer games may require an increase graphical and processing power. One of the most significant differences between regular and gaming machines is video processing. Gaming computers have video cards with their own dedicated RAM, processor (GPU) and cooling system, where a typical PC generally uses an on-board graphics controller.

Historically, the desire for high performance gaming computers has lead to the development of several commonly used hardware components in normal desktop computers today. Some examples include sound cards, network card, and video card.


2. A gaming laptop is one used primarily for the purpose of playing computer games. Unlike conventional laptops, they have higher-end graphics card that is not integrated or designed to conserve battery power. One of the most popular brands of gaming laptops on the market currently is the Alienware laptop manufactured and owned by Dell Corporation.

Because of the limited space and the heat generated by high-end video cards and processors, a gaming laptop is never as good as a desktop gaming computer. We would only recommend a gaming laptop to those who frequently visit LAN parties or needs a performance machine that is easy to transport.

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Basic computer game troubleshooting

Basic computer game troubleshooting

Click on one or more of the links below that matches the issue you are experiencing. If you are having issues with installing an MS-DOS game in Windows, see getting MS-DOS games to run in Windows.

• Unable to install the game
• Error during install
• Game does not load or has an error when it attempts to load
• Game crashes while being played
• Problems with video
• Problems with sound
• Problems connecting to an online game server
• In-game help, hints, walkthroughs, and advice
• Other game issues

Unable to install the game

Verify the diskettes or CD are readable by reading the files from the drive. For example, Microsoft Windows users can explore the drive in Windows Explorer. If the CD attempts to AutoPlay, you may need to right-click the drive and click Explore to browse the drive. If you are having problems with reading a CD, see our page on receiving an error when a CD is put in the computer.

If the CD reads fine with no errors, verify your computer meets the minimum requirements of the game. If your computer does not have enough disk drive space or does not meet the requirements, the game may not install.

Make sure the game you are installing is compatible with the version of operating system you have on your computer. For example, many older games developed for MS-DOS or Windows 95 may not work or are incompatible with the later versions of Windows.

If you are using the AutoPlay menu to install the game, try to execute the setup.exe or install.exe directly from the floppy diskettes or CD instead of the AutoPlay setup menu.

If you are getting stopped at the CD-KEY or Serial Number verification, verify you are entering your correct number. If you lost your number or key or it does not work, you need to contact the developer of the game. Out Site learne-world does not provide any users with an alternate number or key.

Other programs running in the background can cause issues with the program install. Make sure to close all background programs and TSRs. If you still continue to run into issues, try installing the program from Safe Mode.

Error during install
 
Verify your computer meets the requirements of the game. For example, if your computer runs out of disk space during the installation, this would cause an error during the installation.

Verify the CD is clean and contains no significant scratches. Information about how to clean a CD and a CD-ROM is on our cleaning page.

Other programs running in the background can cause issues with the program install. Make sure to close all background programs and TSRs. If you still continue to run into issues, try installing the program from Safe Mode.

Game does not load or has an error when it attempts to load
If the game is a CD game, make sure the correct CD is in the computer when trying to play the game. In some cases, it may be necessary to have the first or last CD in the computer when starting the game.

Verify the game documentation makes no mention of the error you are experiencing. Many times the error and explanation to how to resolve the error are documented.

Verify no patches or updates are available from the developer of the game. See the game developer page for a listing of links to game company pages. Many game developers list the available patches and updates. If you are not sure who the developer of the game is, use a popular search engine and search for drivers for your game. In most cases, games start with version 1.0.

If the game utilizes Microsoft DirectX you may have an issue with DirectX that happened during the installation of another game or program. Make sure you have the latest version of DirectX installed on the computer. Additional information about DirectX is on our DirectX page.

Some games may require other programs such as OpenGL or QuickTime to be installed to play them. If you did not install all the programs during the installation, try running the install again.

Make sure to close other programs before you run the game.

Make sure the computer has rebooted at least once after the game is installed. In some cases, the game may install files that cannot initialize until the computer has rebooted.

If the computer is overclocked, try to reduce the speed back to the computer's correct settings to ensure that the overclocked settings are not causing the problem.

If the above recommendations do not resolve your issues, install the game again.


Game crashes while being played

Verify no patches or updates are available from the developer of the game. See the game developer page for a listing of links to game company pages. Many times the game developer list the available drivers. If you are not sure who the developer of the game is, use a popular search engine and search for drivers for your game. In most cases, games start with version 1.0.

Other programs running in the background can cause issues with the program install. Make sure to close all background programs and TSRs. If you still continue to run into issues, try installing the program from Safe Mode.

Make sure you have the latest updates for your video and sound card. A listing of video drivers is on our video card drivers page. A listing of sound drivers is on our sound card drivers page.

If the above recommendations do not resolve your issues, install the game again.

Problems with video

Verify you have the latest video drivers for your video card. A listing of video drivers is on our video card drivers page.

If the game utilizes Microsoft DirectX you may have an issue with DirectX that happened during the installation of another game or program. Make sure you have the latest version of DirectX installed on the computer. Additional information about DirectX is on our DirectX page.

Problems with sound

Verify you have the latest sound drivers for your sound card. A listing of sound drivers is on our sound card drivers page.

See No sound in new game, elsewhere it works fine page for further information on this issue.

Problems connecting to an online game server

Verify no patches or updates are available from the developer of the game. Many times to connect to the game, you must be running the same version as the server. See the game developer page for a listing of links to game company pages. Many times the game developer list the available drivers. If you are not sure who the developer of the game is, use a popular search engine and search for drivers for your game. In most cases, games start with version 1.0.

Some games require additional software before they can connect to online servers. For example, many games require Gamespy. Make sure all necessary software is installed before running the game.

Wait an hour or so and try to connect to the server again. Many times a server may crash because of a problem, or go down for an update. Of course, when this occurs it is more than likely you cannot view the servers.

In-game help, hints, walkthroughs, and help

Try searching our web page for further help, hints, walkthroughs, and advice on the game. Unfortunately, because we are not a web page dedicated to computer gaming, we do not have a very extensive database of computer game information. If you do not find what you are looking for, we recommend you try the third-party game pages or try searching using your favorite search engine.

Other game issues
If you are still running into errors, or unable to resolve your problem, search our web page, check our on-line help section, and check our Q&A section for further help. If after checking these locations you are still unable to resolve your problem, feel free to contact our support team.

Additional information
See our game definition for further information and related links.
Computer game help and support.

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Computer application buying tip

Computer application buying tip

Purchasing a software application or program can be a big consideration, especially when purchasing advanced and usually expensive programs such as Microsoft Office or Adobe Photoshop. When considering purchasing these programs it is important that you or your staff be familiar with the program and are sure it's going to be capable of what you need it to do.

On this page we've listed different considerations to think about before buying a computer software application.

 Competition
Before buying any application make sure there is not a competing program that may be cheaper or even free. If available and something that's capable of doing what you want it to do this could save you hundreds of dollars.

A good example of such a program is OpenOffice and Corel WordPerfect that would be a competitor to Microsoft Word. Both programs are an excellent choice for a word processor but can be a considerable price difference. In the case of OpenOffice, it's 100% free.

Documentation
Make sure proper documentation is included. Many programs today will include on-line documentation that is more than sufficient. However, it is also useful to obtain a manual or user guide for the software program or application.

Licenses
If you are a company who plans on having software programs used by its employees (more than one person), you need to consider licensing options. It is required that for each computer a product is installed onto that it have a software license. If a company purchases the program and shares it with all its employees without the proper licensing, this would be illegal and can cause your company to face a criminal lawsuit.

Price
Look at your overall price and shop around. Because a software price can change often, you can sometimes save hundreds of dollars on expensive software. If possible, do not purchase directly through the company; many times, the company's price doubles a retailers price.

Be cautious of OEM software. Many resellers will sell a program as OEM, which requires you buy a computer or motherboard. OEM software is software that is included with large manufacturers' computers and only includes either just a CD or a slim manual and CD. This is not what you would find at a retail store. This option is not a bad option, it is only important that you are aware of what you are getting.

Package
Look at the overall software package. How many CDs or diskettes are included, what inserts and documentation is included, and is there any bonus or extra software included?

Media
Today, the majority of software is included on CDs and DVDs. When looking at a program, make sure you have an acceptable drive that's able to read the media, While not common today, an example of why this is important is it's better to receive one CD instead of 32 floppy diskettes.

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Computer game buying tips

Computer game buying tips

Computer games are most often used for an entertainment value, but can also be educational. Below we have listed several considerations to look at when purchasing a computer game.

 Demo
Today, a large majority of computer games that are released are also released as a demo and are available through computer game magazines or off of the Internet. If you are purchasing the game for yourself and have not seen or played the game, you may consider playing the demo (if available) before purchasing the game. The demo is found from the developer's website.

System Requirements
Some of the latest computer games require can require a lot out of a computer. Make sure that your computer meets the games System Requirements. If your computer barely meets the requirements or doesn't meet the requirements you may need to upgrade before you get the best enjoyment from the game.

Multiplayer
Multiplayer is similar to Mass Multiplayer; however, these games allow the players to play with a few players (2 - 20 players). These are still fun and excellent games, and are games where you must either shoot and frag other players, or develop an online character by fighting creatures.

Unlike the Mass Multiplayer games, these games are quick and do not require hundreds of hours of game play and can be played as Multiplayer or Single Player.

Mass multiplayer
Mass Multiplayer games are an excellent choice for any advanced or new game player. In a mass multiplayer game you join thousands, sometimes millions, of other players and build up your character, fight creatures, develop skills, fight other players, talk, and much more. While these games are fun and can be played sometimes for years, they may require a small monthly fee. This fee can be anywhere from $10.00 to $20.00 a month and help to maintain the servers, help with updates and maintain your account.

These games are also only available when connecting to the Internet and do not offer a single player option.

Piracy
Software piracy, unfortunately, is very commonplace in the computer gaming industry and this site highly recommends that it not be considered. While it has been easy in the past, gaming piracy has become more difficult. If you pirate, you may be forfeiting the ability to play with friends online, not receive updates, and more importantly are not supporting the company of the game.

Users who let their friends pirate their games are also forfeiting their rights. If you share your serial or ID number with a friend you may be giving up your right to play online.

Rating
The ESRB rating of a game determines how violent the game is; below is a listing of several of the ratings found on the majority of all games today. See the ESRB definition for additional information on ESRB and a listing of each of the ratings.

This sits  has no place in giving recommendations to parents on what games are ok for their child. The choice it is up to the parent to decide what is ok or not ok for their children to play.

Type
There are different types of games available today for the computer. These games can vary from first person shooter to sports. Visit our game page for a listing of computer games and game types as well as a description on each of the game types.

Upgrade
When purchasing a software game, ensure that it is not an upgrade to an early version of the game. Many of the available updates will require that the previous version of the software be already installed on the computer.

Additional information
Computer software programs buying tips.
All computer buying tips

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When was the first computer game released?

When was the first computer game released?


Although there are other earlier examples of computer games, most consider the first true computer game or digital game to be "Spacewar!". This game was first played and programmed by Steve Russell and first released in February 1962. The game ran on the DEC PDP-1 computer, and consisted of two spaceships that maneuvered around a star that pulled at the ships with its gravity. The objective of the game was to avoid colliding with the star while trying to shoot the other ship with missiles.

The player controlled the game using control switches or a control box. They had the ability to rotate the ship clockwise or counterclockwise, provide the ship with thrust, fire missiles, and go into hyperspace.

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Game history

Game history

Year                                       Event

1947    Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann. file patent #2,455,992 describing one of the first computer games played on a CRT January 25, 1947. 

1952    Alexander Sandy Douglas created the first graphical computer game of Tic-Tac-Toe on an EDSAC known s "OXO."

1958    William Higinbotham created the first video game called: Tennis for Two.

1962    Steve Russell creates "SpaceWar!" and releases it in February 1962. SpaceWar! is considered the first game intended for computers.
1967    Ralph Baer created "Chase", the first video game that was capable of being played on a television.

1969    Ralph Baer files for a US patent on August 21, 1969 that describes playing games on a television and would later be a part of the Magnavox Odyssey.

1971    Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney create the first arcade game called "Computer Space."

1972    The first video game console called the Magnavox Odyssey is demonstrated May 24, 1972 and later released by Magnavox and sold for $100.00 USD.

1972    Atari releases Pong, the first commercial video game on November 29, 1972.

1977    Atari releases the Atari 2600 (originally called the Atari VCS) on September 11, 1977. It is credited as being the first game system to utilize ROM cartridges for storing game code, instead of having games built into the gaming system.

1978    Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle create the first MUD.

1978    Space Invaders is released as an arcade video game in Japan in June 1978 and later in North America in 1979. Its popularity grew quickly, with over 100,000 machines sold and installed in arcades across Japan by the end of 1978. The success of Space Invaders earns it a spot as a pop culture icon, inspiring ports to multiple computer platforms and gaming consoles, several sequels, and many re-releases.

1980    Atari becomes the first company to register a Copyright for two computer games: "Asteroids" and "Lunar Lander" on June 17, 1980.

1980    Namco releases Pac-Man as an arcade game in Japan on May 22, 1980 and later in the United States in October 1980. It is considered one of the highest revenue generating video games of all time, bringing in over $2.5 billion as of the 1990s. Its popularity has spawned over 30 licensed spin-offs on multiple gaming systems and computer platforms.

1981    Ultima I: The First Age of Darkness is released for the PC in 1981 by Origin Systems. The popularity of the game results in nine sequels being released for the primary series between 1981 and 1999. Several additional series and spin-offs are released as well for the PC and other platforms. The Ultima III sequel is also credited with influencing the development and release of other role playing games like Excalibur and Dragon Quest.

1981    Jeff Dailey, a 19-year old becomes the first person to die from computer gaming after dying from a heart attack after posting a score of 16,660 on Berzerk.

1981    Castle Wolfenstein is developed and released by Muse Software for the Apple II in 1981. It is later released for the 8-bit Atari system and the Commodore 64. Its popularity inspired the future release of Wolfenstein 3D, a DOS-based first-person shooter video game.
1981    Donkey Kong is released by Namco and Nintendo as an Arcade video game on July 9, 1981, becoming one of the best selling arcade games of the early 1980s. It's popularity results in 15 different sequels over the next 30 years and multiple ports to other gaming consoles and computer platforms that included the Commodore 64 and Atari.

1982    On January 18, 1982 the Time Magazine is released with its first cover dedicated to video games with the title "Video Games Are Blitzing the World"
1982    The first Microsoft Flight Simulator game was released for the PC in 1982. Microsoft Flight Simulator is the start to a very successful series of flight simulator games, running nearly 25 years (three years longer than the Windows operating system series). It one of the longest running PC game series ever, awarding it a Guinness world record: Gamer's Edition 2008 entry for "Longest Running Flight Sim Series".

1982    The Vectrex video game console is first released in 1982.

1983    The first game in the King's Quest series is released by Sierra Entertainment in July 1993. It is originally designed to be played on the PCjr, an IBM home computer model. It was later released for the Apple II, Sega Master System and MS-DOS computers. Multiple sequels are released between 1984 and 1998.

1983    The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) is the first console gaming system released by Nintendo, made available first in Japan on July 15, 1983. It is the best selling game console in Japan by the end of 1984. Production discontinued in 1995 and about 61.9 million units are sold globally.
1984    The MUD was known as MAD becomes the first global MUD and runs across BITNET.

1984    The game Tetris is first released in the USSR June 6, 1984. The game becomes a classic video game and is available to play on nearly every computer platform and gaming console. IGN ranks the game 2nd on their list of the top 100 video games of all time.

1985    Super Mario Brothers for the NES console system is released on September 13, 1985. Packaged with the NES console and also sold separately, over 40 million copies of the game are sold as of 1999. It's success resulted in multiple sequels being developed, including Super Mario Bros 2 in 1986 and Super Mario Bros 3 in 1988.

1986    The Legend of Zelda for the NES is released February 21, 1986. The first game in the very successful franchise of games, it is the fourth best selling game ever for the NES. In total, the Legend of Zelda franchise, a total of 16 games for the Nintendo series of game consoles, sells over 67 million copies worldwide.

1987    The original Leisure Suit Larry game is released for the PC on July 5, 1987. The game is geared towards a more mature audience, being that it centers around a character that attempts to seduce attractive women. The game's popularity and success results in a total of seven games being released between 1987 and 1996, despite its questionable content and objectives.

1987    The first Final Fantasy role playing video game is released on December 18, 1987 by Square Enix. Originally released for the Nintendo gaming console, a sequel is later released for the PC and PlayStation 2 in 2002. The Final Fantasy game franchise becomes very successful and popular, selling over 100 million copies between the original and all sequels. Its success has earned it seven records in the Guinness world records Gamer's Edition 2008.

1988    Sega releases it's first gaming console system, the Sega Genesis (or Mega Drive in Japan), in Japan on October 29, 1988 and later in North America on August 14, 1989. As of 2010, at least 20.4 million units are sold globally.

1989    SimCity is released by Maxis on October 3, 1989. By December 1990, the game has won 21 awards. It is also ranked as the fourth best PC game ever by PC World in 2009 and eleventh on a similar list by IGN in 2009. In 2007, at a German technology and games trade show, it is credited as being one of the sixteen most influential games ever.

1990    Wing Commander is released by Origin Systems as a PC DOS-based game on September 26, 1990. It is ranked as the seventh best PC game ever by Computer Gaming World in 1996 and Maximum PC lists it in 2011 as one of 16 games that should be remade and re-released.

1990    The Secret of Monkey Island is released in October 1990 by LucasArts. Designed as a point-and-click graphic adventure game, it was well received by the gaming community and critics. The game has been featured several times in IGN's Video Game hall of fame and in 1996, it was ranked as the 19th best game of all time by Computer Gaming World. Three additional sequels were released, each receiving excellent reviews and rankings. A remake of the game was released in 2009 for the iPhone as well.

1990    The first Commander Keen game, "Mooned on Mars" is released December 14, 1990.

1991    Scorched Earth is released for the computer as a DOS-based game in 1991. Officially released as version 1.0 in 1991, version 1.0b was technically the first release of the game as a Beta prior to version 1.0 release. Due to its popularity, the game has been the target of many clones since its release, including Atomic Tanks, xscorch, and Scorched 3D.

1991    Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge was released in December 1991 by LucasArts. As a sequel to the original game, The Secret of Monkey Island, the game received very high ratings, including a 96% from Computer and Video Games. It was ranked 74th on the list of best games of all time by Computer Gaming World in 1996.

1991    Sid Meier's Civilization, more commonly called just Civilization or Civ, is released in late 1991 by MicroProse. In November 1996, Computer Gaming World named Civ as the best game of all time. In 2000, IGN placed the game 4th on its list of the top PC games ever and in 2012, Time magazine included the game in its list of the 100 greatest video games of all time.

1992    Wolfenstein 3D is released by id Software on May 5, 1992. It is originally released for the PC and later is ported to computer platforms and gaming consoles. It is considered to be one of the major reasons for the popularity and success of the run-and-gun type of first person shooter video game.

1993    The Incredible Machine is released for the PC and Mac, providing players with a multitude of puzzles to solve using various items. The object of the puzzles range from getting a ball into a basket, shooting off a rocket or popping a balloon. Multiple versions of the game are released over the next 17 years, including versions for the iPad and iPhone.

1993    LucasArts releases Star Wars: X-Wing in February 1993. Star Wars: X-Wing is the first game released by LucasArts that is centered around the Star Wars series. It is the best selling game in 1993 and Computer Gaming World names it "Simulation of the Year". It is also award the Origins Award for "Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Computer Game of 1993".

1993    Broderbund releases the computer game Myst on September 24, 1993 and later is honored for being one of the most popular, well known, and sold IBM compatible and Apple Macintosh title.

1993    On September 27 1993 Time Magazine releases its magazine with the cover dedicated to video games with the title "Attack of the Video Games".
1993    The PC game DOOM by id Software is released as shareware on December 10, 1993. The company encouraged people to distribute the game freely to others and the game was played by about 10 million people in the first two years of its release. Its success resulted in multiple sequels and a 44th top video game of all time ranking by IGN. Today, DOOM is thought of as a turning point for first person shooters and for computer games in general.

1994    The first Elder Scrolls game, developed by Bethesda Softworks and titled "The Elder Scrolls: Arena", is released in March 1994. Initially, the release is nearly a disaster, including late release and misleading packaging. Despite this and sour reviews by critics, copies of the game continue to sell, marking the beginning of a successful series of games and earning it recognition as a cult hit. Matt Barton, a game historian, is quoted as saying "the game set a new standard for this type of CRPG."

1994    LucasArts releases Star Wars: TIE Fighter in July 1994. Sequel to the Star Wars: X-Wing game, the game includes a number of improvements over its predecessor and earns it multiple awards, including "Best Game of the Year" by Strategy Plus. It also makes it into the Computer Gaming World and IGN hall of fame. PC Gamer ranks it #1 in its list of the 50 Greatest Games of All Time in May 1997. IGN also ranks #3 in its list of the Top 25 PC games ever in 2007 and #2 in 2009.

1994    Warcraft is released in November 1994 and is the start of a very successful franchise of games for Blizzard Entertainment. The popularity of the game, as well as its story, fuel the release of several sequels, including Warcraft 2, Warcraft 3, and World of Warcraft. It also inspired a series of books, toys, and even a trading card game.

1994    Sony releases the PlayStation console gaming system in Japan on December 3, 1994 and later in North America on September 9, 1995. The PlayStation system is the first gaming system to sell over 100 million units, selling a total of over 102 million units within 10 years of being released.
1995    The first E3 is held in Las Vegas Nevada.

1995    Command & Conquer is released by Westwood Studios on August 31, 1995 and is one of the earliest real-time strategy games. It is released for multiple platforms, including the PC, Mac, PlayStation, Nintendo 64, and Sega Saturn. Its popularity and success is considered to be the reason for the popularity of the real-time strategy game genre in general. The Command & Conquer series is awarded with six world records in the Guinness Book of world records: Gamer's Edition 2008, including "Biggest Selling RTS Series".

1995    The Need for Speed is released for the PC on August 31, 1995 by Electronic Arts. Need for Speed is the start to a very successful franchise of Need for Speed (NFS) games, with a total of 19 games released for the PC as of October 30, 2012. NFS games are also available on gaming consoles, like PlayStation and Xbox. Some of the games are even available for the iOS and Android mobile platform.

1996    The game Duke Nukem 3D is released January 29, 1996. It is considered one of the most important video games ever due to its continued popularity even today and for its influence on modern video games.

1996    id Software releases Quake, the successor to their Doom game series, on June 22, 1996. Offering full real-time 3D rendering and 3D acceleration through OpenGL, Quake gained popularity among first person shooter fans, especially with the online multiplayer gaming modes.

1996    The first Tomb Raider game is released October 25, 1996 by Eidos. The main character, Lara Croft, is inducted into the Walk of Game and recognized by the Guinness Book of world records as the "Most Successful Human Virtual Game Heroine." The Tomb Raider game series is popular enough to influence the release of two movies as well, which gross over $430 million worldwide.

1996    Blizzard Entertainment releases Diablo for the macOS on November 30, 1996 and the PC on December 31, 1996. It's popularity and excellent gameplay earns it the Game of the Year award from GameSpot. As of April 3, 2013, Diablo sits in the #1 spot on GameSpot's list of all PC games by score, with a 9.6 out of 10.
1997    The popular massively multiplayer role-playing game (MMORPG) Ultima Online (UO) is released September 24, 1997.

1997    Grand Theft Auto is released for the PC in October 1997 by Rockstar Games. The game launches a very popular and highly successful franchise totaling 14 games across multiple platforms as of April 2010. These platforms include the PC, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox, Xbox 360, iOS and Android. As of September 2011, over 114 million copies of various Grand Theft Auto games have been sold.

1997    Age of Empires is released on October 15, 1997 by Ensemble Studios. The game becomes very popular, selling over 20 million copies worldwide. Its success results in the release of several sequels, a spin-off game series titled Age of Mythology and a port to the Nintendo DS for two game releases. It is also credited with influencing other real-time strategy games like Rise of Nations and Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds.

1997    The Curse of Monkey Island is released on October 31, 1997 by LucasArts. Like its predecessors, The Secret of Monkey Island and Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge, the game received great reviews and high ratings. It was also nominated in the first annual Interactive Achievement Awards for Computer Adventure Game of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Art/Graphics.

1997    Id Software releases the much anticipated Quake II game. Considered by many to be the most popular game in 1998, over one million copies are sold by 2007. A number of modifications are made available for download to Quake II players, including a learning bot system that learned as they went and increased game play difficulty.

1998    StarCraft is released by Blizzard Entertainment for the PC on March 31, 1998 and for the Mac in 1999. Selling over 11 million copies by 2009, the game is said to have been an important step in the development of real-time strategy games, raising the bar for the gaming industry.

1998    Unreal is developed by Epic MegaGames and released on May 22, 1998 by GT Interactive. The game is credited by helping to popularize the Unreal graphics engine, which still is being used today with DirectX and OpenGL for graphics rendering.

1998    Valve Corporation releases Half-Life, a popular FPS game, on released November 19, 1998. As of July 2007, over 20 million copies of all Half-Life series games have been sold worldwide.

1998    Baldur's Gate is released by Interplay Entertainment on November 30, 1998. The first in a series of role-playing games, it sells over 2 million copies worldwide as of 2008. It is credited with helping to revive the RPG genre and PC Gamer is quoted as saying the game "sets new standards for those to come."

1999    The popular massively multiplayer role-playing game (MMORPG) EverQuest (EQ) is released March 16, 1999. The game launches one of the most successful MMORPG series, which includes 19 expansions as of November 2012. The game has over 450,000 subscribers by September 25, 2003.

1999    Counter-Strike is developed as a modification to the Half-Life game and released as a mod on June 19, 1999. Valve Corporation purchases the rights to Counter-Strike and releases it as a store-bought game on November 8, 2000. The game grows popular quickly and develops into a franchise of games, selling over 27 million copies as of August 2011.

1999    Age of Empires II is released on September 30, 1999 by Ensemble Studios. Successor to the original Age of Empires game, it receives high ratings from nearly all the major gaming magazine and critics, including a 92% from GameRankings and Metacritic. In 2007, IGN ranked it the 10th best computer game of all time.

1999    Unreal Tournament, also called UT99, is released on November 30, 1999 for the PC, featuring Deathmatch, Capture the Flag, Last Man Standing and other game play. It was given high praises for its great graphics, gameplay, and multiplayer gaming features.

2000    Electronic Arts releases The Sims on February 4, 2000. The game becomes one of the best-selling PC games in history, selling over 16 million copies worldwide. The game's success earns it five records in the Guinness world records: Gamer's Edition 2008.

2000    Sony releases the PlayStation 2 console gaming system, also known as the PS2, in Japan on March 4, 2000 and in North America on October 25, 2000. As of March 31, 2012, about 155 million units are sold globally, making it the best selling game console system of all time. The PlayStation 2 also has the largest game library available for any game console, with 3,857 games.

2000    Deus Ex is released on June 26, 2000 by Eidos Interactive. Despite a few flaws in the game and very large saved game data files, the game ranks highly on many game lists, including Top 25 PC Games of All Time and 100 Greatest Games of All Time. It also ranks #1 on PC Gamer's 100 Best PC Games in February 2011. Over one million copies of the game are sold worldwide by April 23, 2009.

2000    Blizzard Entertainment releases Diablo 2 for the PC on June 29, 2000 and the Mac on July 26, 2000. The game sells over a million copies in its first two weeks, won several awards, including many Game of the Year awards.
2000    Escape from Monkey Island is released on November 8, 2000 by LucasArts. The fourth game in the Monkey Island game series, it was the last adventure game to be released by LucasArts. At the 2000 E3 Game Critics Awards, it was named the Best Action/Adventure Game. While it received less favorable reviews than the previous three games in the series, the game is still popular in the gaming community.

2001    Bejeweled is first released on May 30, 2001 by PopCap Games as an Internet browser-based game. It is later released for other platforms, such as Xbox, Palm OS, iOS, Windows Phone, and Facebook. As of March 2008, over 75 million copies of the game are sold and it has been downloaded over 150 million times.

2001    Max Payne, a third person shooter video game, is released for the PC on July 23, 2001 by Gathering of Developers. The game has an excellent reception and receives multiple awards for Best PC Game, Best Game of 2001, Best Graphics in a Game, Best Computer Game of the Year, Editor's Choice, others. Two sequels are released in 2003 and 2012, and in total, the game series has sold more than 7.5 million copies worldwide.

2001    Microsoft releases the original Xbox game console November 15, 2001. By May 1996, over 24 million consoles are sold worldwide, with 16 million of those sold in North America alone.

2001    Bungie releases the game Halo for the Xbox gaming system on November 15, 2001, launching the start of a multi-billion dollar video game franchise. The Halo series experiences unprecedented success, including multiple game sequels and expansion to other markets, like books, toys, clothing and even television and web video series. It is hailed as one of the best first person shooter games for video game consoles.

2002    The first Medal of Honor game for the computer, titled "Medal of Honor: Allied Assault", is released on January 22, 2002 by EA Games. The third release in the Medal of Honor game series and the first of three releases for the PC and Mac, it receives a 91% rating from GameRankings and a 91/100 from Metacritic.
2002    Battlefield 1942 is released by Electronic Arts on September 10, 2002. Battlefield 1942 is the beginning of a very successful franchise, spanning 25 different Battlefield games and expansions, and sells over 50 million copies of all those games combined.

2002    Unreal Tournament 2003, also called UT2003, is released on October 1, 2002 by Epic Games and Atari, Inc. Over one million downloads were made of the game's, setting a record for most downloads of a game demo. The popularity of the game and superiority of the game engine resulted in the game engine being licensed for use in other games, including Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six games and Splinter Cell.

2003    Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell is released for the PC on February 19, 2003 by Ubisoft and is well received in the gaming community. Its popularity helps to drive the release of five more games in the series as of 2010, with a sixth slated for release in 2013. As of June 2010, over 22 million copies of the game series have been sold worldwide.

2003    The game Second Life is released on June 23, 2003 by Linden Research, Inc. Designed as a virtual world, players can interact with the virtual environment and other players through the use of an avatar. At its height in 2008, the game had over 88,000 concurrent players online. In 2009, the game's total economy was about $567 million US dollars.

2003    Valve Corporation introduces Steam September 12, 2003. As of December 2012, nearly 200 games are available for download and to play and Steam has about 54 million active user accounts.

2003    The first game in the Call of Duty series is released on October 29, 2003. The game's popularity pushes Infinity Ward to release a number of sequels in three story arcs, being World War II, Modern Warfare, and Black Ops. Within eight years the series of games has sold over 100 million copies worldwide and boasts 40 million active players.

2003    Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic is released for the computer on November 19, 2003 by LucasArts. It is named Game of the Year by IGN, Computer Gaming world, PC Gamer, Game Developers Choice Awards and G4. It was also ranked #3 on IGN's list of the Best Games of the Decade (2000-2009). It is also recognized as "one of the most influential works of the Star Wars Expanded Universe" by the Los Angeles Times.

2004    Far Cry is released by Ubisoft on March 23, 2004. It sells about 730,000 copies worldwide in the first four months after its release, helping launch a successful series for the PC and game consoles. The game also has a website dedicated to it (www.farcrygame.com).

2004    Half-Life 2 is released by Valve Corporation on November 16, 2004. Successor to the original Half-Life game, over 12 million copies of the game are sold by February 2011. The game wins 39 "Game of the Year" awards and is also named "Game of the Decade" by several magazines publishers and at the 2012 Spike Video Game Awards.

2004    Blizzard's World of Warcraft game, the most popular and successful MMORPG, is released on November 23, 2004. As of April 2008, 62% of all MMORPG game subscriptions worldwide are tied to World of Warcraft. At its peak in October 2010, the game has over 12 million subscribers worldwide.

2005    Guild Wars is released by NCsoft on April 26, 2005. Guild Wars does not require a subscription to play, but instead players purchase episodes, providing unlimited online play for that episode. By April 2009, NCsoft reports that about six million copies of the game have been sold worldwide.

2005    Microsoft releases the Xbox 360, the second generation of their popular game console November 16, 2005. Over 70 million of the consoles are sold worldwide by September 30, 2012.

2006    Sony releases the PlayStation 3 console gaming system, also known as the PS3, in Japan on November 11, 2006 and released in North America and Europe shortly after. As of November 4, 2012, about 70 million units are sold globally.

2006    Garry's Mod is made available on Steam November 29, 2006.
2006    Nintendo releases the Wii gaming console system in North America on November 19, 2006 and in Japan on December 2, 2006. As of December 31, 2012, over 99 million units are sold globally. The Wii is the first gaming system to allow games for previous systems to be downloaded and played on it.

2006    Crysis is released for the PC on November 13, 2007, published by Electronic Arts. The game receives excellent ratings, including a 98% rating by PC Gamer magazine, making it one of the highest rated games ever in that magazine. By May 2010, over 3 million copies are sold worldwide, making it one of the best selling PC games ever. Crysis is also one of the most pirated games in 2007, as reported by TorrentFreak.

2007    Portal is released by Valve Corporation on October 9, 2007. Available through Valve's Steam and as a standalone product, the game wins many awards, including Game of the Year, Best Puzzle Game for PC and Most Innovative Design. Time magazine also includes the game in its list of 100 greatest video games of all time in November 2012. Wired also recognized Portal as one of the most influential games of the 21st century.

2008    Electronic Arts and Demiurge Studios releases Mass Effect for the PC on May 28, 2008. It ranks #3 on the chart for Windows PC games at release and scores a 92% rating from PC Zone and a 91% from PC Gamer US. The game is also released for the Xbox 360 and is named "Game of the Year" by The New York Times.

2009    The Minecraft game is released for Android OS devices on October 7, 2011, iOS devices on November 17, 2011 and for PCs on November 18, 2011. As of January 22, 2103, over 20 million copies of the game are sold.

2009    Borderlands is released for the PC on October 26, 2009 and for the Mac on December 3, 2010. A role-playing FPS game, Borderlands is a near instant hit, selling over two million copies by December 2009 and as of August 2011, over 4.5 million copies are sold. IGN includes the game in its list of Top 100 Modern Video Games in late 2011.

2010    StarCraft 2 is released by Blizzard Entertainment on July 27, 2010, twelve years after the release of its popular and successful predecessor, StarCraft. The game sells over 3 million copies in the first month of release, becoming the fastest selling real-time strategy game ever at the time.

2011    Trion Worlds enters the MMORPG market by releasing Rift on March 1, 2011. As of August 2011, it reports that one million users are playing the game and receives a number of awards, including "Best New Online Game" at the 2011 Game Developers Conference. IGN also recognizes the game as the "Best PC Persistent World/MMO Game of 2011".

2011    The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, or more commonly called Skyrim, is released by Bethesda Softworks on November 2011. During the first few weeks of release, over 7 million copies of the game are shipped to retailers. It is also the fastest selling game on Valve Corporation's Steam platform, with a reported 5 million users logging in to play the game as of January 2, 2012.

2011    Star Wars: The Old Republic (SWTOR) is released by Electronic Arts and LucasArts on December 20, 2011. Within three days of release, the game has about one million subscribers, making it the "fastest-growing MMO ever". Subscription numbers decline in the months after and the game switches to a free-to-play model. In February 2012, MSNBC names SWTOR the Game of the Year.

2012    Blizzard Entertainment releases Diablo 3 for the PC and Mac on May 15, 2012, setting another record by selling 3.5 million copies in the first 24 hours of release. The third game in the Diablo series added a much-anticipated auction house, allowing players to sell gear, items and gold to other players for in-game gold and real currency.

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Game - gaming computer

Game

Alternatively referred to as a video game, a game is software code that has been designed to entertain or educate an individual. Today, computer gaming is a big business, and there are millions of different computer games that are enjoyed by people of all ages. The picture shows a screenshot of a computer game known as Warcraft II by Blizzard.

How are computer games made?
 
Computer games are just another program that you can run on your computer and like any program they are created using a programming language.

How do I create a computer program?

Related pages

Game history
Basic computer game troubleshooting and help.
Computer game related links and companies.
Computer game buying tips.
Computer games help and information.

Game terms, Gaming computer, Software, Software terms

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How to upload and download a file or folder in Google Drive

How to upload and download a file or folder in Google Drive

Google provides many free software programs to its users such as Docs, Sheets, and Slides via Google Drive. Additionally, Drive users receive 15 GB of free cloud storage for their various files and folders. To upload files not created in a Google Drive program, or download files that currently reside in your storage, choose an option from the list below and follow the steps.

Upload files and folders using My Drive
Upload files and folders using drag and drop
Download files and folders using My Drive

Upload files and folder using My Drive
Open Google Drive. If prompted, log into your Google account.
At the top of the home screen click on the The My Drive button in Google Drive. button.
Select Upload files... or Upload folder... from the drop-down menu that appears.

Browse to the location of the desired file(s) or folder(s), make your selections (1) and click Open (2).



If the file or folder was properly added, you should see a confirmation prompt in the lower right-hand corner of the browser window.


Upload files and folders using drag and drop
Open Google Drive. If prompted, log into your Google account.
Resize the window so that it is smaller (half of the width of the monitor or less works well).
Locate the file or folder you'd like to add to Drive.
Tip: A quick way to locate files and folders is by searching in File Explorer that is opened by pressing the Windows key + E on your keyboard.

Drag and drop the file or folder from its current location to the open space in the middle of the My Drive section.


If the file or folder was properly added, you should see a confirmation prompt in the lower right-hand corner of the browser window (shown below). Additionally, the file or folder will now appear under the My Drive section.


Download files and folders using My Drive
Open Google Drive. If prompted, log into your Google account.
On the left-hand side of the screen near the top, ensure that My Drive is selected.



Right-click the file or folder you want to download and select Download from the drop-down menu that appears.


When your download completes, you will see a prompt at the bottom of the screen similar to the one below.


Tip: If you don't see the download, check out our page on where files go when they are downloaded.

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Charles Babbage

Charles Babbage

Name: Charles Babbage

Born: December 26, 1791 in London, England

Death: October 18, 1871 (Age: 79)

Computer related contributions

• Designed the first mechanical computer, which he called the "Difference Engine" — a machine that could solve polynomial equations without using multiplication or division. He began developing the machine in 1822, and worked on it for over ten years, but its construction was never completed.
• Invented and developed his Analytical Engine in the late 1830s. Like the Difference Engine, the Analytical Engine was never fully constructed, but its design was highly influential.
• His machine designs were the first to employ several important concepts used in modern computers, including the separation of data and program memory, instruction-based operations, program control using conditional jumps, and a discrete unit for input/output. Because of this, today he is widely considered to be the father of computing.

Publications

• A Comparative View of the Various Institutions for the Assurance of Lives (1826)
• On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (1835)
• Table of the Logarithms of the Natural Numbers from 1 to 108000 (1841)
• Passages from the Life of a Philosopher (1864)

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Leonard Kleinrock

Name: Leonard Kleinrock

Born: June 13, 1934, New York City

Computer related contributions

• Created the initial idea of the ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet in his first paper entitled "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" on May 31, 1961.
• Developed Packet Switching.

Publications

• Information Flow in Large Communication Nets
• Honors and awards
• Awarded the National Medal of Science on September 29, 2008.

Website

• Leonard Kleinrock's homepage

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Tim Berners-Lee

Tim Berners-Lee


Name: Tim Berners-Lee

Born: June 8, 1955 in London, England

Computer related contributions

• Invented the World Wide Web (WWW).
• Proposed hypertext.
• Created the first website.
• Founded the World Wide Web Consortium.

Publications

• The World Wide Web
• Weaving the Web
• World-Wide Web: Information Universe

Honors and awards

• In 2017, Berners-Lee received the Turing Award, the most prestigious honor in computer science, with a $1 million prize contributed by Google.
• One of only six members of the World Wide Web Hall of Fame.
• Won the Kilby Foundation's "Young Innovator of the Year" Award.
• Received also the Software System Award from the Association for Computing Machinery.
• Awarded with an honorary doctorate from the University of Essex.
• Time Magazine named Berners-Lee one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century.
• Awarded an honorary degree from The Open University as Doctor of the University.
• Elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
• Received the Computer History Museum's Fellow Award, for his seminal contributions to the development of the World Wide Web.
• Named as the first recipient of Finland's Millennium Technology Prize, for inventing the World Wide Web.
• Appointed to the rank of Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (the second-highest class within this Order that entails a knighthood) by Queen Elizabeth II.
• Presented with an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Lancaster University.
• Named Greatest Briton of 2004.
• Received the Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award.
• Received the Order of Merit, becoming one of only 24 living members entitled to hold the honour, and to use the post-nominals "O.M." after their name.
• Awarded the 2008 IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award, for "conceiving and further developing the World Wide Web".
• Awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Manchester.
• Awarded an honorary doctorate by the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.
• Elected member of the United States National Academy of Sciences.
• Received the Webby Award for Lifetime Achievement.
• Awarded an honorary doctorate by the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
• One of the first three recipients of the Mikhail Gorbachev award for "The Man Who Changed the World".
• Awarded with an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Harvard University.
• Inducted into IEEE Intelligent Systems' AI's Hall of Fame for the "significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems".
• Inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.

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Computer inventors and pioneers

Computer inventors and pioneers

This section of Learn Computer has been designed as a location to find a basic overview of individuals who have contributed significantly to areas that relate to computers. Here you can find an individuals date of birth, date of death if applicable, a small biography, and information about what contributions the individual has made.

Alphabetical listing
Click on the one of the below letters that corresponds to the first or last name of the computer pioneer you are trying to find. For example, if you were trying to find Bill Gates, you would click "B" in the below chart.





 
A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Browse by category
 
Below is a list of pioneers broken into their respected categories. For example, clicking on Female computer pioneers displays all females who have helped develop and contribute to the computer industry.

African American computer pioneers
Analyst
CEO
Chairman
Coined
Computer Engineers
Computer programmers
Computer Scientist
Convict
Director

Editor
Entrepreneur
Father's of computing
Female computer pioneers
Founder
Grandmaster
Hacker
Inventor
Investor
Logician

Manager
Mathematician
Personality
Physicist
Pioneers on Twitter
President
Professor
Researcher
Sponsor
Writer

Top 10 visited computer pioneers

• Tim Berners-Lee
• Leonard Kleinrock
• Charles Babbage
• Konrad Zuse
• Steve Wozniak
• Steve Jobs
• Ada Lovelace
• John Atanasoff
• Alan Turing
• Bill Gates

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Paste text without formatting

Paste text without formatting

When referring to rich-text, like found on a web page, Word document, or e-mail, the formatting remains when it is copied then pasted elsewhere. For example, if you were to copy this paragraph of text, "This is bold" would remain bold when you paste it into any other document that supports rich-text. Anyone needs plain text pasting frequently may find having a universal shortcut key beneficial.

Free Software
We recommend the free tool PureText, which runs in the background and can paste plain text into any program using the same shortcut key your choosing (Windows key + V by default). PureText is capable of removing font faces, font styles (i.e. bold, italic, etc.), font colors, paragraph styles, extra spacing, tables, and pictures from any text you copy.





Download PureText


Windows Tip: In most versions of Windows Ctrl+Windows Key + V also pastes text as plain text.

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How to rename or label a disk drive

How to rename or label a disk drive


Tip: These steps only work for physical drives. If a drive has been created with the subst command or another software utility, you cannot rename it.

Note: While you can rename a removable drive, like an external hard drive or USB flash drive, after disconnecting and reconnecting the drive it reverts back to its default name.

Microsoft Windows 95, 98, NT, ME, 2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, and 10 users

Open My Computer (named This PC in Windows 8 and 10).
From My Computer, right-click the drive you want to rename and select Properties. For example, if we wanted to rename the "Local Disk (C:)" seen in the image below, we would right-click the C: drive icon.
Within the Properties window, on the General tab, type the new name in the Label box and click OK. (The Label box is the text field at the top of the General tab.)

Note: Microsoft Windows users can also use the below command line steps to change the name of their drive.

Windows 3.x, MS-DOS, and Windows command line users
To change the name of a disk drive from an MS-DOS prompt, type the below text, substituting "world" for what you want to name the drive.

label c: world

The above example will rename your C: drive to world. Substituting the c for any other drive letter will rename that drive.

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How to become a computer technician

How to become a computer technician

To become a computer technician, there are several important things you should have.

 


Understanding of computer hardware
First, it is vital that you have strong knowledge and understanding of the components that make a computer including:

• Motherboard
• CPU (Processor)
• RAM (Memory)
• Hard Drive (both IDE and SATA)
• CD/DVD Drive
• Video Card
• Sound Card
• Network Card

These are the primary components of a computer, but there are other components, both internal and external. Having at least a general knowledge of additional components is beneficial to a computer technician.

It is also important to have strong knowledge and understanding of the below components since they are also a common cause of problems.

Computer Monitors (both CRT and LCD)
Printers (Inkjet, laser, multifunction)
Knowing all of the above helps you with diagnosing and repairing computer problems that you are going to encounter as a computer technician.

Understanding of operating systems, software, and drivers
Of course, all that hardware by itself does nothing, which is why you must also have a strong understanding of computer operating systems. Today, most users are using some form of Microsoft Windows, which is why you should know all of the most recent versions of Windows. If you plan on supporting other computers, such as Apple computers, you also need to know the macOS operating system. Also, keep in mind that some business and companies who run websites that require support may also have a distribution of Linux or other operating systems.

Beyond understanding operating systems, knowing about popular software is good, since most users have questions about these everyday programs.

Finally, computer drivers are yet another common source of problems so understanding drivers and knowing how to install and uninstall drivers is essential.

Understanding of building, repairing, and upgrading computers
Having experience with building, repairing, and upgrading computers is highly recommended, even if the experience is gained by working on your computer, or those of friends and family. Computer repair shops will almost always be looking to hire a technician that has some experience.

Certification
 

While not a requirement, it can help to have an A+ Certification. This certification is more proof that you have an understanding of computer systems. It shows that you know their components and how to troubleshoot common problems that come up. The certification test is not overly expensive, and the investment made by taking the test and getting the certification can help you land that job as a computer technician.

Real world experience
 
The best way to learn anything, including becoming a computer technician, is real world experience. Volunteer to assist friends, family, schools, churches with their computer questions. When helping others, you will encounter problems you have never experienced and by working through those problems, you learn how to fix them and learn tricks that help fix related problems. Participating in online forums and chat is also a good way to learn and watch how others fix computer problems.

If you are still in school, whether it be high school or college, try to get some experience through internships as well. An internship can go a long ways to getting a job when you are out of school, showing potential employers you have a strong desire to be a computer technician and are a go-getter.

Knowing how to use search engines
Finally, knowing how to use a search engine on popular sites, like learne-world and Google, can also help you with finding answers to questions you may have not encountered. You should be familiar with all of the tips and tricks of using a search engine for those times you may not know the answer.

Google search tips.
Top 10 unknown Google tricks.

Additional information

What jobs are available in the computer industry?
How do I start a computer repair business?
How does a computer work?
How can I learn more about computers?
See our technician and tools definition for further information and related links.

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How much is 1 byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, etc.?

How much is 1 byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, etc.?


Below is a list of each of the accepted disk drive space values. It is important to realize that not all manufacturers and developers list their value using binary, which is base 2. For example, a manufacturer may list a product's capacity as one gigabyte (1,000,000,000 bytes, a metric value) and not 1,073,741,824 bytes (gibibyte) that it actually is. For this page, we are using the "common names" and listing all values in base 2.

Note: All values are listed as whole numbers, which means a GB shows it can only contain one 650 MB CD. Technically, 1 GB could hold 1.5753 CDs worth of data, but this document isn't meant to show you how many "parts" of an object a value can hold. Therefore, we are omitting decimal values. More plainly, you can only fit one complete 650 MB CD on a 1 GB drive since two full 650 MB discs exceed 1 GB.

Tip: With the exception of a bit and a nibble, all values explained below are in bytes and not bits. For example, a kilobyte (KB) is different than a Kilobit (Kb). When referring to storage, bytes are used whereas data transmission speeds are measured in bits.

Bit

A bit is a value of either a 1 or 0 (on or off).

Nibble
A Nibble is 4 bits.

Byte
Today, a Byte is 8 bits.

1 character, e.g., "a", is one byte.
 
Kilobyte (KB) 
A Kilobyte is 1,024 bytes.

2 or 3 paragraphs of text.
 
Megabyte (MB) 
A Megabyte is 1,048,576 bytes or 1,024 Kilobytes

873 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)
4 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)
 
Gigabyte (GB) 
A Gigabyte is 1,073,741,824 (230) bytes. 1,024 Megabytes, or 1,048,576 Kilobytes.

894,784 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)
4,473 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)
640 web pages (with 1.6 MB average file size)
341 digital pictures (with 3 MB average file size)
256 MP3 audio files (with 4 MB average file size)
1 650 MB CD
 
Terabyte (TB) 
A Terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776 (240) bytes, 1,024 Gigabytes, or 1,048,576 Megabytes.

916,259,689 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)
4,581,298 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)
655,360 web pages (with 1.6 MB average file size)
349,525 digital pictures (with 3 MB average file size)
262,144 MP3 audio files (with 4 MB average file size)
1,613 650 MB CD's
233 4.38 GB DVD's
40 25 GB Blu-ray discs
 
Petabyte (PB) 
A Petabyte is 1,125,899,906,842,624 (250) bytes, 1,024 Terabytes, 1,048,576 Gigabytes, or 1,073,741,824 Megabytes.

938,249,922,368 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)
4,691,249,611 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)
671,088,640 web pages (with 1.6 MB average file size)
357,913,941 digital pictures (with 3 MB average file size)
268,435,456 MP3 audio files (with 4 MB average file size)
1,651,910 650 MB CD's
239,400 4.38 GB DVD's
41,943 25 GB Blu-ray discs
 
Exabyte (EB)
 
An Exabyte is 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 (260) bytes, 1,024 Petabytes, 1,048,576 Terabytes, 1,073,741,824 Gigabytes, or 1,099,511,627,776 Megabytes.

960,767,920,505,705 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)
4,803,839,602,528 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)
687,194,767,360 web pages (with 1.6 MB average file size)
366,503,875,925 digital pictures (with 3 MB average file size)
274,877,906,944 MP3 audio files (with 4 MB average file size)
1,691,556,350 650 MB CD's
245,146,535 4.38 GB DVD's
42,949,672 25 GB Blu-ray discs

Zettabyte (ZB)
A Zettabyte is 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 (270) bytes, 1,024 Exabytes, 1,048,576 Petabytes, 1,073,741,824 Terabytes, 1,099,511,627,776 Gigabytes, or 1,125,899,910,000,000 Megabytes.

983,826,350,597,842,752 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)
4,919,131,752,989,213 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)
703,687,443,750,000 web pages (with 1.6 MB average file size)
375,299,970,000,000 digital pictures (with 3 MB average file size)
281,474,977,500,000 MP3 audio files (with 4 MB average file size)
1,732,153,707,691 650 MB CD's
251,030,052,003 4.38 GB DVD's
43,980,465,111 25 GB Blu-ray discs

Yottabyte (YB)
 
A Yottabyte is 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 (280) bytes, 1,024 Zettabytes, 1,048,576 Exabytes, 1,073,741,824 Petabytes, 1,099,511,627,776 Terabytes, 1,125,899,910,000,000 Gigabytes, or 1,152,921,500,000,000,000 

Megabytes.

1,007,438,183,012,190,978,921 pages of plaintext (1,200 characters)
5,037,190,915,060,954,894 books (200 pages or 240,000 characters)
720,575,937,500,000,000 web pages (with 1.6 MB average file size)
384,307,166,666,666,666 digital pictures (with 3 MB average file size)
288,230,375,000,000,000 MP3 audio files (with 4 MB average file size)
1,773,725,384,615,384 650 MB CD's
257,054,773,251,740 4.38 GB DVD's
45,035,996,273,704 25 GB Blu-ray discs

Is there anything bigger than a Yottabyte?
As of 2015, there are no approved standard sizes for anything bigger than a Yottabyte. However, the two standards that have been proposed are the Hellabyte or Brontobyte.

How are you calculating the above values?
Calculating the above values is simple once you know the values of each of the above sizes. For example, in the Gigabyte section above, we know that 1 gigabyte is equal to 1,024 Megabytes. Therefore to determine how many 4 MB MP3 files are in a Gigabyte, we take 1,024 / 4 which equals 256 or 256 4 MB MP3 files in one gigabyte.

Tip: You can also use our search engine to search engine and our conversion tool also to convert and compare between values.

Additional information
How many MP3's or photos can I put on my flash drive?
How many pictures can I store on a CD or DVD?
How to find how much hard drive space is available.
How can I learn more about computers?
See our stroage device page for related information and links.
See the measurement definition for list of all measurements related to computers.
Hard drive help and support.

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